Struts

Q. What is Jakarta Struts Framework?
A. Jakarta Struts is open source implementation of MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern for the development of web based applications. Jakarta Struts is robust architecture and can be used for the development of application of any size. Struts framework makes it much easier to design scalable, reliable Web applications with Java.
Q. What is ActionServlet?
A. The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called the ActionServlet. In the the Jakarta Struts Framework this class plays the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes through the controller. Controller is responsible for handling all the requests.
Q. How you will make available any Message Resources Definitions file to the Struts Framework Environment?
A. Message Resources Definitions file are simple .properties files and these files contains the messages that can be used in the struts project. Message Resources Definitions files can be added to the struts-config.xml file through tag.Example:
Q. What is Action Class?
A. The Action Class is part of the Model and is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action Class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the execute() method. In the Action Class all the database/business processing are done. It is advisable to perform all the database related stuffs in the Action Class. The ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to Action Form using the execute() method. The return type of the execute method is ActionForward which is used by the Struts Framework to forward the request to the file as per the value of the returned ActionForward object.
Q. Write code of any Action Class?
A. Here is the code of Action Class that returns the ActionForward object.
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
public class TestAction extends Action{
public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
return mapping.findForward("testAction");
}
}
Q. What is ActionForm?
A. An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm. ActionForm maintains the session state for web application and the ActionForm object is automatically populated on the server side with data entered from a form on the client side.
Q. What is Struts Validator Framework?
A. Struts Framework provides the functionality to validate the form data. It can be use to validate the data on the users browser as well as on the server side. Struts Framework emits the java scripts and it can be used validate the form data on the client browser. Server side validation of form can be accomplished by sub classing your Form Bean with DynaValidatorForm class. The Validator framework was developed by David Winterfeldt as third-party add-on to Struts. Now the Validator framework is a part of Jakarta Commons project and it can be used with or without Struts. The Validator framework comes integrated with the Struts Framework and can be used without doing any extra settings.
Q. Give the Details of XML files used in Validator Framework?
A. The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files validator-rules.xml and validation.xml. The validator-rules.xml defines the standard validation routines, these are reusable and used in validation.xml. to define the form specific validations. The validation.xml defines the validations applied to a form bean.
Q. How you will display validation fail errors on jsp page?
A. The following tag displays all the errors: How you will enable front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml? - The tag to allow front-end validation based on the xml in validation.xml. For example the code: generates the client side java script for the form "logonForm" as defined in the validation.xml file. The when added in the jsp file generates the client site validation script.

Basic Questions in Java

Question: What is transient variable?
Answer: Transient variable can't be serialize. For example if a variable is declared as transient in a Serializable class and the class is written to an ObjectStream, the value of the variable can't be written to the stream instead when the class is retrieved from the ObjectStream the value of the variable becomes null.
Question: Name the containers which uses Border Layout as their default layout?
Answer: Containers which uses Border Layout as their default are: window, Frame and Dialog classes.
Question: What do you understand by Synchronization?
Answer: Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a manner that only one thread can access one resource at a time. In non synchronized multithreaded application, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating the object's value. Synchronization prevents such type of data corruption.E.g. Synchronizing a function:
public synchronized void Method1 () { // Appropriate method-related code. }E.g. Synchronizing a block of code inside a function:public myFunction (){ synchronized (this) { // Synchronized code here. }}
Question: What is Collection API?
Answer: The Collection API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operation on collections of objects. These classes and interfaces are more flexible, more powerful, and more regular than the vectors, arrays, and hashtables if effectively replaces. Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.
Question: Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?
Answer: Iterator is an interface which is used to step through the elements of a Collection.
Question: What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface
Answer: Differences are as follows:
Interfaces provide a form of multiple inheritance. A class can extend only one other class.
Interfaces are limited to public methods and constants with no implementation. Abstract classes can have a partial implementation, protected parts, static methods, etc.
A Class may implement several interfaces. But in case of abstract class, a class may extend only one abstract class.
Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to find corresponding method in the actual class. Abstract classes are fast.
Similarities:
Neither Abstract classes or Interface can be instantiated.
Question: How to define an Abstract class?
Answer: A class containing abstract method is called Abstract class. An Abstract class can't be instantiated. Example of Abstract class:abstract class testAbstractClass { protected String myString; public String getMyString() { return myString; } public abstract string anyAbstractFunction();}
Question: How to define an Interface?
Answer: In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.Emaple of Interface:public interface sampleInterface { public void functionOne(); public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000; }
Question: Explain the user defined Exceptions?
Answer: User defined Exceptions are the separate Exception classes defined by the user for specific purpose. An user-defined Exception can be created by simply sub-classing it to the Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be generated (using throw) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions. Example:class myCustomException extends Exception { // The class simply has to exist to be an exception }
Question: Explain the new Features of JDBC 2.0 Core API?
Answer: The JDBC 2.0 API includes the complete JDBC API, which includes both core and Optional Package API, and provides inductrial-strength database computing capabilities. New Features in JDBC 2.0 Core API:
Scrollable result sets- using new methods in the ResultSet interface allows programmatically move the to particular row or to a position relative to its current position
JDBC 2.0 Core API provides the Batch Updates functionality to the java applications.
Java applications can now use the ResultSet.updateXXX methods.
New data types - interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
Custom mapping of user-defined types (UTDs)
Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character streams, full precision for java.math.BigDecimal values, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.

Question: Explain garbage collection?
Answer: Garbage collection is one of the most important features of Java. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from the memory. User program can’t directly free the object from memory, instead it is the job of the garbage collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use. I Java on calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected.
Question: How you can force the garbage collection?
Answer: Garbage collection automatic process and can't be forced.
Question: What is OOPS?
Answer: OOP is the common abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming.
Question: Describe the principles of OOPS.
Answer: There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation.
Question: Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Answer: Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper.
Question: Explain the Inheritance principle.
Answer: Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.
Question: Explain the Polymorphism principle.
Answer: The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be explained as "one interface, multiple methods".
Question: Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.
Answer: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:
Method overloading
Method overriding through inheritance
Method overriding through the Java interface

Question: Describe the wrapper classes in Java.
Answer: Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type. An instance of a wrapper class contains, or wraps, a primitive value of the corresponding type.
Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:
Primitive
Wrapper
boolean
java.lang.Boolean
byte
java.lang.Byte
char
java.lang.Character
double
java.lang.Double
float
java.lang.Float
int
java.lang.Integer
long
java.lang.Long
short
java.lang.Short
void
java.lang.Void

Question: Read the following program:
public class test {
public static void main(String [] args) {
int x = 3; int y = 1;
if (x = y)
System.out.println("Not equal");
else
System.out.println("Equal");
}
}
What is the result?
A. The output is “Equal”
B. The output in “Not Equal”
C. An error at " if (x = y)" causes compilation to fall.
D. The program executes but no output is show on console.
Answer: C
Question: What is the difference between logical data independence and physical data independence?
Answer: Logical Data Independence - meaning immunity of external schemas to changed in conceptual schema. Physical Data Independence - meaning immunity of conceptual schema to changes in the internal schema.
Question: How do I include static files within a JSP page?
Answer: Static resources should always be included using the JSP include directive. This way, the inclusion is performed just once during the translation phase. The following example shows the syntax: Do note that you should always supply a relative URL for the file attribute. Although you can also include static resources using the action, this is not advisable as the inclusion is then performed for each and every request.
Question: What is a JavaBean?
Answer: JavaBeans are reusable software components written in the Java programming language, designed to be manipulated visually by a software develpoment environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java. They are similar to Microsoft's ActiveX components, but designed to be platform-neutral, running anywhere there is a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Question: What are the practical benefits, if any, of importing a specific class rather than an entire package (e.g., import java.net.* versus import java.net.Socket)?
Answer: It's primarily a question of style. Some people prefer to explicitly list each class that is being used/imported by a class while others find that practice of little benefit and some annoyance. It makes no difference in the generated class files since only the classes that are actually used are referenced by the generated class file. There is another practical benefit to importing single classes, and this arises when two (or more) packages have classes with the same name. Take java.util.Timer and javax.swing.Timer, for example. If I import java.util.* and javax.swing.* and then try to use "Timer", I get an error while compiling (the class name is ambiguous between both packages). Let's say what you really wanted was the javax.swing.Timer class, and the only classes you plan on using in java.util are Collection and HashMap. In this case, some people will prefer to import java.util.Collection and import java.util.HashMap instead of importing java.util.*. This will now allow them to use Timer, Collection, HashMap, and other javax.swing classes without using fully qualified class names in
Question: Why does it take so much time to access an Applet having Swing Components the first time?
Answer: Because behind every swing component are many Java objects and resources. This takes time to create them in memory. JDK 1.3 from Sun has some improvements which may lead to faster execution of Swing applications.
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Q.which containers use a border Layout as their default layout?
A. The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
Q.Why do threads block on I/O?
A. Threads block on i/o (that is enters the waiting state) so that other threads may execute while the i/o Operation is performed.
Q. How are Observer and Observable used?
A. Objects that subclass the Observable class maintain a list of observers. When an Observable object is updated it invokes the update() method of each of its observers to notify the observers that it has changed state. The Observer interface is implemented by objects that observe Observable objects.
Q. What is synchronization and why is it important?
A. With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads to significant errors.
Q. Can a lock be acquired on a class?
A. Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class's Class object.
Q. Is null a keyword?
A.The null value is not a keyword.
Q. What is the preferred size of a component?
A.The preferred size of a component is the minimum component size that will allow the component to display normally.
Q. What method is used to specify a container's layout?
A.The setLayout() method is used to specify a container's layout.
Q. Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?
A. The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
Q. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing?
A. When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state.
Q. What is the Collections API?
A.The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects.
Q.Which characters may be used as the second character of an identifier, but not as the first character of an identifier?
A.The digits 0 through 9 may not be used as the first character of an identifier but they may be used after the first character of an identifier.
Q. What is the List interface?
A.The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.
Q. How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?
A.It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.
Q. What is the Vector class?
A.The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects
Q. What modifiers may be used with an inner class that is a member of an outer class?
A. A (non-local) inner class may be declared as public, protected, private, static, final, or abstract.
Q. What is an Iterator interface?
A. The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection.
Q. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators?
A. The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out.
Q. Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and size of a component?
A. setBounds()
Q. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and UTF-8 characters?
A. Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits. UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16 uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns.
Q. What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?
A. When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state. When a task invokes its sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state.
Q. Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling?
A. The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing.
Q. Is sizeof a keyword?
A. The sizeof operator is not a keyword.
Q. What are wrapped classes?
A. Wrapped classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects.
Q. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
A. Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection
Q. What restrictions are placed on the location of a package statement within a source code file?
A. A package statement must appear as the first line in a source code file (excluding blank lines and comments).
Q. Can an object's finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable?
A. An object's finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable. However, an object's finalize() method may be invoked by other objects.
Q. What is the immediate superclass of the Applet class?
A. Panel
Q. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
A. Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
Q. Name three Component subclasses that support painting.
A. The Canvas, Frame, Panel, and Applet classes support painting.
Q. What value does readLine() return when it has reached the end of a file?
A. The readLine() method returns null when it has reached the end of a file.
Q.What is the immediate superclass of the Dialog class?
A. Window
Q. What is clipping?
A. Clipping is the process of confining paint operations to a limited area or shape.
Q. What is a native method?
A. A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.
Q. Can a for statement loop indefinitely?
A. Yes, a for statement can loop indefinitely. For example, consider the following: for(;;) ;
Q. What are order of precedence and associativity, and how are they used?
A. Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associativity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left
Q. When a thread blocks on I/O, what state does it enter?
A. A thread enters the waiting state when it blocks on I/O.
Q. To what value is a variable of the String type automatically initialized?
A. The default value of a String type is null.
Q. What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations?
A. If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause.
Q. What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem?
A. The CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu item that may be checked or unchecked.
Q. What is a task's priority and how is it used in scheduling?
A. A task's priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to other tasks. The scheduler attempts to schedule higher priority tasks before lower priority tasks.
Q. What class is the top of the AWT event hierarchy?
A. The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT event-class hierarchy.
Q. When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state?
A. A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started.
Q. Can an anonymous class be declared as implementing an interface and extending a class?
A. An anonymous class may implement an interface or extend a superclass, but may not be declared to do both.
Q. What is the range of the short type?
A. The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1.
Q. What is the range of the char type?
A. The range of the char type is 0 to 2^16 - 1.
Q. In which package are most of the AWT events that support the event-delegation model defined?
A. Most of the AWT-related events of the event-delegation model are defined in the java.awt.event package. The AWTEvent class is defined in the java.awt package.
Q. What is the immediate superclass of Menu?
A. MenuItem
Q. What is the purpose of finalization?
A. The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected.
Q. Which class is the immediate superclass of the MenuComponent class.
A. Object
Q. What invokes a thread's run() method?
A. After a thread is started, via its start() method or that of the Thread class, the JVM invokes the thread's run() method when the thread is initially executed.
Q. What is the difference between the Boolean & operator and the && operator?
A. If an expression involving the Boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated. Then the & operator is applied to the operand. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. The && operator is then applied to the first and second operands. If the first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped.
Q. Name three subclasses of the Component class.
A. Box.Filler, Button, Canvas, Checkbox, Choice, Container, Label, List, Scrollbar, or TextComponent
Q. What is the GregorianCalendar class?
A. The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.
Q. Which Container method is used to cause a container to be laid out and redisplayed?
A. validate()
Q. What is the purpose of the Runtime class?
A. The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.
Q. How many times may an object's finalize() method be invoked by the garbage collector?
A. An object's finalize() method may only be invoked once by the garbage collector.
Q. What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement?
A. The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception is thrown or caught.
Q. What is the argument type of a program's main() method?
A. A program's main() method takes an argument of the String[] type.
Q. Which Java operator is right associative?
A. The = operator is right associative.
Q. What is the Locale class?
A. The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region.
Q. Can a double value be cast to a byte?
A. Yes, a double value can be cast to a byte.
Q. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue statement?
A. A break statement results in the termination of the statement to which it applies (switch, for, do, or while). A continue statement is used to end the current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement.
Q. What must a class do to implement an interface?
A. It must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its implements clause.
Q. What method is invoked to cause an object to begin executing as a separate thread?
A. The start() method of the Thread class is invoked to cause an object to begin executing as a separate thread.
Q. Name two subclasses of the TextComponent class.
A. TextField and TextArea
Q. What is the advantage of the event-delegation model over the earlier event-inheritance model?
A. The event-delegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model. First, it enables event handling to be handled by objects other than the ones that generate the events (or their containers). This allows a clean separation between a component's design and its use. The other advantage of the event-delegation model is that it performs much better in applications where many events are generated. This performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to repeatedly process unhandled events, as is the case of the event-inheritance model.
Q. Which containers may have a MenuBar?
A. Frame
Q. How are commas used in the intialization and iteration parts of a for statement?
A. Commas are used to separate multiple statements within the initialization and iteration parts of a for statement.
Q. What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods?
A. The wait(),notify(), and notifyAll() methods are used to provide an efficient way for threads to wait for a shared resource. When a thread executes an object's wait() method, it enters the waiting state. It only enters the ready state after another thread invokes the object's notify() or notifyAll() methods.
Q. What is an abstract method?
A. An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass.
Q. How are Java source code files named?
A. A Java source code file takes the name of a public class or interface that is defined within the file. A source code file may contain at most one public class or interface. If a public class or interface is defined within a source code file, then the source code file must take the name of the public class or interface. If no public class or interface is defined within a source code file, then the file must take on a name that is different than its classes and interfaces. Source code files use the .java extension.
Q. What is the relationship between the Canvas class and the Graphics class?
A. A Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint() method.
Q. What are the high-level thread states?
A. The high-level thread states are ready, running, waiting, and dead.
Q. What value does read() return when it has reached the end of a file?
A. The read() method returns -1 when it has reached the end of a file.
Q. Can a Byte object be cast to a double value?
A. No, an object cannot be cast to a primitive value.
Q. What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?
A. A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class. A static inner class does not have any object instances.
Q. What is the difference between the String and StringBuffer classes?
A. String objects are constants. StringBuffer objects are not.
Q. If a variable is declared as private, where may the variable be accessed?
A. A private variable may only be accessed within the class in which it is declared.
Q. What is an object's lock and which object's have locks?
A. An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's lock. All objects and classes have locks. A class's lock is acquired on the class's Class object.
Q. What is the Dictionary class?
A. The Dictionary class provides the capability to store key-value pairs.
Q. How are the elements of a BorderLayout organized?
A. The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East, and West) and the center of a container.
Q. What is the % operator?
A. It is referred to as the modulo or remainder operator. It returns the remainder of dividing the first operand by the second operand.
Q. When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?
A. An object reference be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.
Q. What is the difference between a Window and a Frame?
A. The Frame class extends Window to define a main application window that can have a menu bar.
Q. Which class is extended by all other classes?
A. The Object class is extended by all other classes.
Q. Can an object be garbage collected while it is still reachable?
A. A reachable object cannot be garbage collected. Only unreachable objects may be garbage collected..
Q. Is the ternary operator written x : y ? z or x ? y : z ?
A. It is written x ? y : z.
Q. What is the difference between the Font and FontMetrics classes?
A. The FontMetrics class is used to define implementation-specific properties, such as ascent and descent, of a Font object.
Q. How is rounding performed under integer division?
A. The fractional part of the result is truncated. This is known as rounding toward zero.
Q. What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object?
A. If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized statement and is unable to acquire an object's lock, it enters the waiting state until the lock becomes available.
Q. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
A. The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented.
Q. What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause?
A. A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the Throwable type. This includes the Error and Exception types.
Q. If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be accessed?
A. A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.
Q. What is the SimpleTimeZone class?
A. The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.
Q. What is the Map interface?
A. The Map interface replaces the JDK 1.1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values.
Q. Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?
A. A class does not inherit constructors from any of its superclasses.
Q. For which statements does it make sense to use a label?
A. The only statements for which it makes sense to use a label are those statements that can enclose a break or continue statement.
Q. What is the purpose of the System class?
A. The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.
Q. Which TextComponent method is used to set a TextComponent to the read-only state?
A. setEditable()
Q. How are the elements of a CardLayout organized?
A. The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, one on top of the other, like a deck of cards.
Q. Is &&= a valid Java operator?
A. No, it is not.
Q. Name the eight primitive Java types.
A. The eight primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean.
Q. Which class should you use to obtain design information about an object?
A. The Class class is used to obtain information about an object's design.
Q. What is the relationship between clipping and repainting?
A. When a window is repainted by the AWT painting thread, it sets the clipping regions to the area of the window that requires repainting.
Q. Is "abc" a primitive value?
A. The String literal "abc" is not a primitive value. It is a String object.
Q. What is the relationship between an event-listener interface and an event-adapter class?
A. An event-listener interface defines the methods that must be implemented by an event handler for a particular kind of event. An event adapter provides a default implementation of an event-listener interface.
Q. What restrictions are placed on the values of each case of a switch statement?
A. During compilation, the values of each case of a switch statement must evaluate to a value that can be promoted to an int value.
Q. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration?
A. An interface may be declared as public or abstract.
Q. Is a class a subclass of itself?
A. A class is a subclass of itself.
Q. What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model?
A. The java.util.EventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation class hierarchy.
Q. What event results from the clicking of a button?
A. The ActionEvent event is generated as the result of the clicking of a button.
Q. How can a GUI component handle its own events?
A. A component can handle its own events by implementing the required event-listener interface and adding itself as its own event listener.
Q. What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?
A. A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once.
Q. How are the elements of a GridBagLayout organized?
A. The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of different sizes and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes.
Q. What advantage do Java's layout managers provide over traditional windowing systems?
A. Java uses layout managers to lay out components in a consistent manner across all windowing platforms. Since Java's layout managers aren't tied to absolute sizing and positioning, they are able to accomodate platform-specific differences among windowing systems.
Q. What is the Collection interface?
A. The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical bag - an unordered collection of objects that may contain duplicates.
Q. What modifiers can be used with a local inner class?
A. A local inner class may be final or abstract.
Q. What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
A. A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.
Q. What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?
A. The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AWT painting thread.
Q. What is the purpose of the File class?
A. The File class is used to create objects that provide access to the files and directories of a local file system.
Q. Can an exception be rethrown?
A. Yes, an exception can be rethrown.
Q. Which Math method is used to calculate the absolute value of a number?
A. The abs() method is used to calculate absolute values.
Q. How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?
A. The operating system's task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially.
Q. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class?
A. The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors are provided.
Q. When is the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement executed?
A. The finally clause of the try-catch-finally statement is always executed unless the thread of execution terminates or an exception occurs within the execution of the finally clause.
Q. Which class is the immediate superclass of the Container class?
A. Component
Q. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed?
A. A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared.
Q. How can the Checkbox class be used to create a radio button?
A. By associating Checkbox objects with a CheckboxGroup.
Q. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier?
A. The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier
Q. What restrictions are placed on method overloading?
A. Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.
Q. What happens when you invoke a thread's interrupt method while it is sleeping or waiting?
A. When a task's interrupt() method is executed, the task enters the ready state. The next time the task enters the running state, an InterruptedException is thrown.
Q. What is casting?
A. There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference.
Q. What is the return type of a program's main() method?
A. A program's main() method has a void return type.
Q. Name four Container classes.
A. Window, Frame, Dialog, FileDialog, Panel, Applet, or ScrollPane
Q. What is the difference between a Choice and a List?
A. A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices. Only one item may be selected from a Choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that several List items are visible. A List supports the selection of one or more List items.
Q. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system?
A. The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions.
Q. What class allows you to read objects directly from a stream?
A. The ObjectInputStream class supports the reading of objects from input streams.
Q. How are this() and super() used with constructors?
A. this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor.
Q. What is the relationship between a method's throws clause and the exceptions that can be thrown during the method's execution?
A. A method's throws clause must declare any checked exceptions that are not caught within the body of the method.
Q. What is the difference between the JDK 1.02 event model and the event-delegation model introduced with JDK 1.1?
A. The JDK 1.02 event model uses an event inheritance or bubbling approach. In this model, components are required to handle their own events. If they do not handle a particular event, the event is inherited by (or bubbled up to) the component's container. The container then either handles the event or it is bubbled up to its container and so on, until the highest-level container has been tried.
In the event-delegation model, specific objects are designated as event handlers for GUI components. These objects implement event-listener interfaces. The event-delegation model is more efficient than the event-inheritance model because it eliminates the processing required to support the bubbling of unhandled events.
Q. How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal under the == operator?
A. The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in memory. It is possible for two String objects to have the same value, but located indifferent areas of memory.
Q. Why are the methods of the Math class static?
A. So they can be invoked as if they are a mathematical code library.
Q. What Checkbox method allows you to tell if a Checkbox is checked?
A. getState()
Q. What state is a thread in when it is executing?
A. An executing thread is in the running state.
Q. What are the legal operands of the instanceof operator?
A. The left operand is an object reference or null value and the right operand is a class, interface, or array type.
Q. How are the elements of a GridLayout organized?
A. The elements of a GridBad layout are of equal size and are laid out using the squares of a grid.
Q. What an I/O filter?
A. An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
Q. If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again?
A. Once an object is garbage collected, it ceases to exist. It can no longer become reachable again.
Q. What is the Set interface?
A. The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements.
Q. What classes of exceptions may be thrown by a throw statement?
A. A throw statement may throw any expression that may be assigned to the Throwable type.
Q. What are E and PI?
A. E is the base of the natural logarithm and PI is mathematical value pi.
Q. Are true and false keywords?
A. The values true and false are not keywords.
Q. What is a void return type?
A. A void return type indicates that a method does not return a value.
Q. What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?
A. The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular object. Normally, an event is enabled when a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objects that handle events by overriding their event-dispatch methods.
Q. What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes?
A. The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file.
Q. What happens when you add a double value to a String?
A. The result is a String object.
Q. What is your platform's default character encoding?
A. If you are running Java on English Windows platforms, it is probably Cp1252. If you are running Java on English Solaris platforms, it is most likely 8859_1..
Q. Which package is always imported by default?
A. The java.lang package is always imported by default.
Q. What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object?
A. An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object.
Q. How are this and super used?
A. this is used to refer to the current object instance. super is used to refer to the variables and methods of the superclass of the current object instance.
Q. What is the purpose of garbage collection?
A. The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources may be reclaimed and reused.
Q. What is a compilation unit?
A. A compilation unit is a Java source code file.
Q. What interface is extended by AWT event listeners?
A. All AWT event listeners extend the java.util.EventListener interface.
Q. What restrictions are placed on method overriding?
A. Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method.
Q. How can a dead thread be restarted?
A. A dead thread cannot be restarted.
Q. What happens if an exception is not caught?
A. An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the thread's ThreadGroup being invoked, which eventually results in the termination of the program in which it is thrown.
Q. What is a layout manager?
A. A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container.
Q. Which arithmetic operations can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException?
A. Integer / and % can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException.
Q. What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
A. A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method. It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.
Q. Can an abstract class be final?
A. An abstract class may not be declared as final.
Q. What is the ResourceBundle class?
A. The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.
Q. What happens if a try-catch-finally statement does not have a catch clause to handle an exception that is thrown within the body of the try statement?
A. The exception propagates up to the next higher level try-catch statement (if any) or results in the program's termination.
Q. What is numeric promotion?
A. Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integer and floating-point operations may take place. In numerical promotion, byte, char, and short values are converted to int
values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The long and float values are converted to double values, as required.
Q. What is the difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?
A. A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container. A ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its own events and performs its own scrolling.
Q. What is the difference between a public and a non-public class?
A. A public class may be accessed outside of its package. A non-public class may not be accessed outside of its package.
Q. To what value is a variable of the boolean type automatically initialized?
A. The default value of the boolean type is false.
Q. Can try statements be nested?
A. Try statements may be nested.
Q. What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the ++ operator? A. The prefix form performs the increment operation and returns the value of the increment operation. The postfix form returns the current value all of the expression and then performs the increment operation on that value.
Q. What is the purpose of a statement block?
A. A statement block is used to organize a sequence of statements as a single statement group.
Q. What is a Java package and how is it used?
A. A Java package is a naming context for classes and interfaces. A package is used to create a separate name space for groups of classes and interfaces. Packages are also used to organize related classes and interfaces into a single API unit and to control accessibility to these classes and interfaces.
Q. What modifiers may be used with a top-level class?
A. A top-level class may be public, abstract, or final.
Q. What are the Object and Class classes used for?
A. The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program.
Q. How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception?
A. When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exception is executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.
Q. Can an unreachable object become reachable again?
A. An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the object's finalize() method is invoked and the object performs an operation which causes it to become accessible to reachable objects.
Q. When is an object subject to garbage collection?
A. An object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.
Q. What method must be implemented by all threads?
A. All tasks must implement the run() method, whether they are a subclass of Thread or implement the Runnable interface.
Q. What methods are used to get and set the text label displayed by a Button object?
A. getLabel() and setLabel()
Q. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
A. Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
Q. What are the two basic ways in which classes that can be run as threads may be defined?
A. A thread class may be declared as a subclass of Thread, or it may implement the Runnable interface.
Q. What are the problems faced by Java programmers who don't use layout managers?
A. Without layout managers, Java programmers are faced with determining how their GUI will be displayed across multiple windowing systems and finding a common sizing and positioning that will work within the constraints imposed by each windowing system.
Q. What is the difference between an if statement and a switch statement?
A. The if statement is used to select among two alternatives. It uses a boolean expression to decide which alternative should be executed. The switch statement is used to select among multiple alternatives. It uses an int expression to determine which alternative should be executed.
Q. What happens when you add a double value to a String?
A. The result is a String object.
Q. What is the List interface?
A. The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects

JAVA SERVER SIDE/ J2EE(SERVLETS/ JSP /RMI/EJB/JMS)

SERVLETS

Q. How do you communicate between applet and servlet?

Answer: Through Http Tunneling
Q. What is the use of servlets?

Answer: The Servlets are server side java programs, which are used to generate dynamic web content for a web clients. They reside inside a servlet container on a web server or an application server. The servlet container provides them a runtime environment.
Q. How will you pass values from HTML to the servlet?

Answer: The values from an HTML page are passed to a servlet either through a GET or POST method. In a servlet, request.getParameter (“strParam”) method is called in order to retrieve values from HTML form to a servlet end where String strParam represents the name of the input type OR values can be passed concatenated with URL itself which request the servlets receive.
Q. What is the difference between CGI and servlets?

Answer: In traditional CGI, a new process is started with each client request and this will correspond to initiating a heavy OS level process each time when a client request comes. While in case of servlets JVM handles client requests at a web server end and each client request correspond to thread which consumes less resources as compared with CGI process, thus making CGI inefficient. In Java servlet, there is only a single instance, which answers all requests concurrently. This saves memory and allows a Servlet to easily manage persistent data.
A Java servlet can straightaway talk with a web server while in case of CGI it is not possible unless server specific API have not been used.
Java servlets are portable and inexpensive.
Java servlets resides in Servlet engine and are executed within sandbox making it more secure and robust.
Q. What is client server computing?

Answer: The client server computing means expediting a client’s requests through a remotely located server. A client accesses a remote server through an interface (may be an application or browser based client interface) using web related technologies specific to several vendors viz. Microsoft, Sun, OMG etc.
Q. What is a middleware and what is the functionality of Webserver?

Answer: A middleware in a 3-tier architecture sits in the middle of a client’s machine and a database server. A middleware is where all the business related logic resides and it is also known as Web Application Server. (e.g. WebLogic from BEA, WebSphere from IBM, Oracle 9iAS from Oracle etc.)In distributed programming divide and rule is the name of the game and in this paradigm a middleware has a good share of responsibilities viz. load balancing, database connection pooling, security, transaction management related services, web and enterprise component deployment services, content management related services etc.
Q. What is meant by Session tell me something about HttpSession?

Answer: A web client makes a request to a web server over HTTP. As long as a client interacts with the server through a browser on his or her machine is called as session. HTTP is a stateless protocol. A client’s each request is treated as a fresh one with no info of client to the server and the moment browser is closed, session is also closed. In an online shopping or web cart kind of application where session related information is critical for successive purchases made by a client, there have been suggested several techniques for session tracking in Java Servlets as mentioned below:• Hidden form fields• URL Rewriting• Cookies• HttpSession objectHttpSession is an interface, which belongs to javax.servlet.http. * package This provides a facility to identify a user across the several pages’ requests.Looking up the HttpSession object associated with the current request.This is done by calling the getSession method of HttpServletRequest. If this returns null, you can create a new session, but this is so commonly done that there is an option to automatically create a new session if there isn't one already. Just pass true to getSession. Thus, your first step usually looks like this: HttpSession session = request.getSession (true);
Q. How do you invoke servlets what is the difference in between doGet and doPost?

Answer:
1) Servlets can be explicitly accessed with the URL:
http://server:8080/servlet/ServletName
where server is the name of the server or localhost if the server is running on your local machine and ServletName is the name of your servlet class name.
2) Run the web server administration tool and associate an arbitrarily chosen name with the servlet class name. This name is sometimes called the "registered" servlet name. For example, you could associate "MyName" with your servlet class name and you would invoke the servlet with the URL:
http://server:8080/servlet/MyName
3) Run the web server administration tool and set up an alias for a URL so that when that when that URL is accessed, a specific servlet is invoked. For example, you can alias the following URL to invoke a servlet:
http://server:8080/anyurl
Aliases are useful if you’re replacing existing HTML pages with servlets. You can keep the URLs the same; they’ll invoke servlets instead of displaying the HTML.
Difference between doGet and doPost Sending a GET or POST request to it in order to expedite the request by calling corresponding doGet() and doPost() methods.
doGet is called in response to an HTTP GET request. This happens when users click on a link, or enter a URL into the browser's address bar. It also happens with some HTML FORMs (those with METHOD="GET" specified in the FORM tag). doPost is called in response to an HTTP POST request. This happens with some HTML FORMs (those with METHOD="POST" specified in the FORM tag).
Both methods are called by the default (superclass) implementation of service in the HttpServlet base class. You should override one or both to perform your servlet's actions. You probably shouldn't override service().
There is a restriction of numbers of parameters to be sent through doGet method around 2k of data can be sent and moreover whole of URL is to be mentioned in case of doGet as mentioned below:http://www.spearheadit.com/servlet?param1=value1&param2=value2&...&paramN=valueNSo it is always better to use doPost() when sending parameters from a FORM as it doesn’t show off information related with password on the network etc.
Q. What is the difference between GenericServlet and HTTPServlet? Explain their methods? Tell me their parameter names also?

Answer: HTTPServlet class extends GenericServlet class. GenericServlet class helps in creating servlets, which are protocol independent.GenericServlet has a serve() method aimed to handle requests. HttpServlet extends GenericServlet and adds support for doGet(), doPost(), doHead() methods (HTTP 1.0) plus doPut(), doOptions(), doDelete(), doTrace() methods (HTTP 1.1). Both these classes are abstract.
Q. Can there be more than one instance of a servlet at one time ?

Answer: It is important to note that there can be more than one instance of a given Servlet class in the servlet container. For example, this can occur where there was more than one servlet definition that utilized a specific servlet class with different initialization parameters. This can also occur when a servlet implements the SingleThreadModel interface and the container creates a pool of servlet instances to use.
Q. What is SingleThreadModel in view of servlets?

Answer: SingleThreadModel interface once implemented makes a servlet thread safe. In this case only one thread will be able to execute service() method at a time.Though it affects the performance of the servlet to a great extent. In STM container creates multiple instances of servlet
Q. Why there are no constructors in servlets?

Answer: A servlet is just like an applet in the respect that it has an init() method that acts as a constrcutor. Since the servlet environment takes care of instantiating the servlet, an explicit constructor is not needed. Any initialization code you need to run should be placed in the init() method since it gets called when the servlet is first loaded by the servlet container.
Q. What is the difference in between encodeRedirectURL and encodeURL?

Answer: encodeURL and encodeRedirectURL are methods of the HttpResponse object. Both rewrite a raw URL to include session data if necessary. (If cookies are on, both are no-ops.) encodeURL is for normal links inside your HTML pages.
encodeRedirectURL is for a link you're passing to response.sendRedirect().
Q. What do Cookies mean? Explain.

Answer: Cookies are information text messages exchange between a client and server in order to keep a track of session of a user to a server. Cookies help a user in order to reconnect to a site on later date, as textual information is stored at the client end for max age of the cookie.
Q. Why do GenericServlet and HttpServlet implement the Serializable interface? Answer: GenericServlet and HttpServlet implement the Serializable interface so that servlet engines can "hybernate" the servlet state when the servlet is not in use and reinstance it when needed or to duplicate servlet instances for better load balancing. I don't know if or how current servlet engines do this, and it could have serious implications, like breaking references to objects gotten in the init() method without the programmer knowing it. Programmers should be aware of this pitfall and implement servlets which are stateless as possible, delegating data store to Session objects or to the ServletContext. In general stateless servlets are better because they scale much better and are cleaner code.
Q. Why do we need to call super.init(config) in the init method of a servlet?

Answer: The reason is Servlet interface defines a method called getServletConfig(),you should either save the servletconfig object and implement the getServletConfig()method yourself or pass the object to the parent class using super.init(). However this is done for backward compatibility(before version 2.1).In version 2.1 you don't require to call that super.init()
Q. Can you use System.exit in your servlet end code?

Answer: No At best, you'll get a security exception.At worst, you'll make the servlet engine, or maybe the entire web server, quit.
Q. What is a Servlet Context?

Answer: A Servlet Context is a group where related servlets (and JSPs and other web resources) run. They can share data, URL namespace, and other resources. There can be multiple contexts in a single servlet container. The ServletContext object is used by an individual servlet to "call back" and obtain services from the container (such as a request dispatcher).

Q. What is the difference between Java Servlets and Java ServerPages (JSP)? Answer:

Short answer: a JSP is a Servlet that thinks it's a Web page.

Medium answer: Both use server-side Java to dynamically generate web pages. The source code to a servlet looks like Java, with HTML embedded in out. print (...) statements. Both use the Servlet API to communicate with the web server and the client. In fact, a JSP gets compiled into a servlet, so they're almost identical in terms of expressive power. The choice is, whether you're more comfortable coding your pages in Java or in JSP-style HTML; and since you can call a JSP from a Servlet and vice versa, you don't have to make an either-or decision.

Long answer: See the Servlet FAQ and the JSP FAQ for all the information you need about both technologies.
(*) "Funny tags:" JSP can contain (a) normal HTML tags, (b) JSP tags like , (c) custom tags, (d) scriptlets (Java code surrounded with <% and %>).
Q. What is the difference between page directive <%@include % > and action command?

Answer: JSP directive <%@include %> is interpreted at the compile time and text is merged before JSP being converted into servlet.While in case of is interpreted at the runtime where text is merged with JSP at runtime may be a servlet or a JSP is included at runtime.
Q. What are Entity Bean and Session Bean?

Answer: An Entity Bean is a persistent business data object in a business process, which provides an OR (Object Relational) mapping over an underlying RDBMS.It is transactional in nature. An in memory objects can be mapped with a field of table in RDBMS database.An Entity can be expressed as a Noun e.g. a Customer, a Product, an Account, Purchase Order etc. Entity beans are long lasting as they represent data in the database. Entity beans can be of two types:a. CMP Entity Bean: In case of container managed persistent Entity bean, EJB container manages data persistence and a bean developer do not have to bother about business data persistence logic.
b. BMP Entity Bean: A bean managed persistent entity bean is persisted in the database by hand or say programmatically. A component developer has to code to translate in memory objects to underlying RDBMS or object database.
A Session Bean incorporates business logic or business rules or workflow related logic of an enterprise. A session bean exists only until a session exists between a client and server so it has real short period of its existence. Session beans are of two types: a. Stateless Session BeanIn case where state between a client and a server interaction is not to be persisted then Stateless session bean is to be used. e.g. executing calculating tax or validating a credit card etc. The stateless bean instance does not have longevity.
b. Stateful Session BeanStateful Session bean keeps a conversational state of a client over a series of method calls, keeping it in a persistent area. They are more functional than stateless session bean as they store conversational state.
Whenever a client access a stateful session bean and trough with a series of method calls over it then before moving the bean instance into passivated state, the conversational state is stored into the persistent area i.e. hard disk. This makes smart resource management. Whenever the same client is making a request again over the stateful session bean then state is pulled out of hard disk into in memory of bean. This is called activated state. Thus state of a client is saved in between context switching in a persistent storage area.
Q. What are the methods of Entity Bean?

Answer: The methods of an Entity Bean are enlisted as below:
create methods: These methods are used for creating an instance of an Entity bean .They correspond to ejbCreate() method of bean class and always implemented.
finder methods: These methods are used for locating bean instance based on a unique identifier called primary key. findByPrimaryKey (), which returns a Collection of remote references to bean.
remove methods: These methods (you may have up to 2 remove methods, or don't have them at all) allow the client to physically remove Entity Beans. You can remove these beans by specifying either Handle or a Primary Key for the Entity Bean.
home methods:
Q. How does Stateful Session Bean store its state?

Answer: Whenever a client access a stateful session bean and trough with a series of method calls over it then before moving the bean instance into passivated state, the conversational state is stored into the persistent area i.e. hard disk. This makes smart resource management. Whenever the same client is making a request again over the stateful session bean then state is pulled out of hard disk into in memory of bean. This is called activated state. Thus state of a client is saved in between context switching in a persistent storage area.
Q. Why does Stateless Session bean not store its state even though it has ejbActivate and ejbPassivte?

Answer: Though a Stateless Session Bean has ejbActivate and ejbPassivate but the developers do not implement them in order to make its state persisted as state persistence occurs during a context switch of Session bean when it goes from activated to passivated state and vice versa.
Q. What are the services provided by the container?

Answer: The container provides following services:a. Transaction Managementb. Persistencec. Securityd. Connection Poolinge. Naming services
Q. Types of transaction?

Answer: Simple TransactionsNested TransactionsDistributed Transactions
Q. What is bean-managed transaction?

Answer: When a component developer wishes to handle transaction related issues programmatically it is done through using bean-managed transaction. The bean controls transaction within its boundaries.
Q. Why does EJB need two interfaces (Home and Remote Interface)?

Answer: EJB by design has two interfaces out of which Home interface is responsible for lifecycle management of EJB and other one a Remote interface is responsible for exposing business methods to rest of the world. This is done in order to segregate the responsibilities one to create/find/remove a remote bean and another one to expose business methods of bean through a remote interface.
Q. What are transaction attributes?

Answer: Transaction Attribute DescriptionRequired RequiresNew Manadatory Supports Never NotRequired.
Q. What is the difference between CMP and BMP Entity Bean?

Answer: The major difference between CMP and BMP Entity Beans is managing persistence of data through container in case of CMP and programmatically in BMP.Generally, you should use CMP unless you're forced to use BMP due to limitations of the mapping tools. In case of mapping some relatively complex data models.CMP is better than BMP as far as performance is concerned as in case of CMP through OR mapping optimization of transaction process is taken care off by container in the best possible manner. While in case of BMPs you can optimize your queries and improve performance over the generalized container-managed heuristics.
Q. What is J2EE?

Answer: J2EE is a server side component based distributed architecture meant to build enterprise level solutions addressing to complex business process requirements.J2EE is an assembly of several Java technologies enlisted as given below:• Java Servlets• JSP• EJB• JNDI• JTA/JTS• JMS• JDBC• Java Mail APIs• RMI• Java-XML• Java IDL
Q. What is JTS?

Answer: JTS is Transaction related services and it specifies the implementation of a Transaction Manager, which supports the Java Transaction API (JTA) 1.0 Specification at the high-level and implements the Java mapping of the OMG Object Transaction Service (OTS) 1.1 Specification at the low-level. JTS uses the standard CORBA ORB/TS interfaces and Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) for transaction context propagation between JTS Transaction Managers.
A JTS Transaction Manager provides transaction services to the parties involved in distributed transactions: the application server, the resource manager, the standalone transactional application, and the Communication Resource Manager (CRM).
Q. Which transaction attributes should I use in which situations?

Answer: The following are some of the points to be remembered when specifying transaction attributes for Enterprise JavaBeansTM-technology based components (EJBTM):
All methods of a session bean's remote interface (and super interfaces) must have specified transaction attributes. Session bean home interface methods should not have transaction attributes. (All methods of an entity bean's remote and home interfaces (and super interfaces) must have specified transaction attributes, with the exception of: methods getEJBHome(), getHandle(), getPrimaryKey(), isIdentical() methods of the remote interface; and methods getEJBMetaData(), getHomeHandle() of the home interface. Use Required as the default transaction attribute, to ensure that methods are invoked within a Java Transaction API (JTA) transaction context. Required causes the enterprise bean to use existing transactional context if it exists, or to create one otherwise.
Use RequiresNew when the results of the method must be committed regardless whether the caller's transaction succeeds. For example, a method that logs all attempted transactions, whether those transaction succeed or not, could use RequiresNew to add log entries. RequiresNew always creates a new transaction context before the method call, and commits or rolls back after the method call. Note that any existing client transaction context will be suspended until the method call returns.
Use Supports for methods that either do not change the database (directly or indirectly); or update atomically, and it does not matter whether or not the update occurs within a transaction. Supports uses the client transaction context if it exists, or no transaction context otherwise.
Use Mandatory when the method absolutely requires an existing transaction. Mandatory causes RemoteException to be thrown unless the client is associated with a transaction context.
Use Never to ensure that a transactional client does not access methods that are not capable of participating in the transaction. Never causes RemoteException to be thrown if the client is associated with a transactional context.
Use NotSupported when an enterprise bean accesses a resource manager that either does not support external transaction coordination, or is not supported by the J2EE product. In this case, the bean must have container-managed transaction demarcation, and all its methods must be marked NotSupported. NotSupported will result in the method being called outside of any transaction context, whether or not one exists. Enterprise beans that implement interface SessionSynchronization must have either the Required, RequiresNew, or Mandatory transaction attribute.
Q. How can I handle transaction isolation?

Answer: The EJB specification indicates that the API for controlling transaction isolation level is specific to the resource manager implementation, and therefore the architecture does not define and isolation level control API.
If a container uses only one bean instance per primary key, the container will synchronize access to the bean and therefore transaction isolation is unnecessary. Containers that use multiple instances per primary key depend on the underlying database for isolation.
Enterprise beans using container-managed persistence use the default isolation level of the underlying database; therefore, the isolation level cannot modified. Entity beans using bean-managed persistence may use the underlying DBMS API to change the isolation level (using, for example, Connection.setTransactionIsolation().)
Q. Does the J2EE platform support distributed transactions?

Answer: Yes, the J2EE platform allows multiple databases to participate in a transaction. These databases may be spread across multiple machines, using multiple EJB technology-enabled servers from multiple vendors.
Q. What are some tips for using bean-managed transaction demarcation?

Answer: • Session beans should use bean-managed transaction demarcation, although can use container-managed demarcation. Entity beans must use container-managed demarcation.

• An enterprise bean should not invoke resource manager-specific transition demarcation API methods (like java.sql.Connection.commit(), java.sql.Connection.rollback(), etc.) while within a transaction. • Stateless session beans should always either commit or rollback a transaction before the business method returns. Stateful session beans do not have this requirement. Instead of calling EJBContext.getRollBackOnly(), and javax.ejb.EJBContext.setRollbackOnly(), use the corresponding JTA API calls.
Q. Can an entity bean use bean-managed transaction demarcation?

Answer: No. Entity beans always use container-managed transaction demarcation. Session beans can use either container-managed or bean-managed transaction demarcation, but not at the same time.
Q. Should I put a transactional attribute on an asynchronous action such as sending an email?

Answer: No. Simply putting a transactional attribute on a method won't help if the resource manager can't use a transactional context.

Q. Can I use multiple connections to the same resource manager from within a bean instance that executes in an XA or a global transaction ?
Answer: A bean instance that executes in an XA or a global transaction should not use multiple connections to the same resource manager.
Specifically, a bean instance that executes in an XA transaction should not cache more than one connection to the same resource manager. Further, it should not create more than one connection to the same resource manager from within a bean method under a single XA transaction.
This is needed because even though XA allows multiple connections to be enlisted in a single transaction branch, there are some restrictions. Some resource managers do not allow more than one connection to be simultaneously enlisted in the same transaction branch.
Note however that within a single XA transaction, there can be more than one connection to a single resource manager, spread across different bean instances.
Q. Does the J2EE platform support nested transactions?

Answer: No, the J2EE platform supports only flat transactions.
Q. What is scalability and portability in J2EE?

Answer: In a software system when number of users increases tremendously then the design of software system should be as such enable it to sustain this overflow of users. This issue of growing number of users is termed as scalability. In J2EE, scalability issue is well attended with clustering of web app servers and database servers.
Java is a platform independent language, which has characteristic of ‘execute once and run anywhere’. A Java code can run in a crossed platform environment as it’s executed in its own JVM. Hence a Java code can be ported in any Operating System environment and this issue is termed as portability. An EJB can also required to be ported from one vendor EJB container to another vendor’s EJB container.

Q. What is Connection Pooling? Is it advantageous?

Answer: An EJB container provides the service of connection pooling in order to provide efficient way of database connectivity to its concurrent and continuous user requests. Whenever a client request for a database connection then an instance is picked from the connection pool to get an access to database as soon as user is through with his work instance is returned to connection pool. There is a limit specified by App server administrator for the availability of number of connections and beyond a specified limit a predefined number increases numbers of connection pool instances. When demand goes back to normal then access amount of connection pool instances are removed.
This mechanism of connection pooling helps in smart and efficient use of system resources and improving the overall performance of the whole system.
Q. How is entity bean created using container managed entity bean?

Answer: A client first locates an EJB over network through JNDI and then gets a home interface reference on the EJB. On home interface the moment create () method is called; EJB container invokes underlying ejbCreate () method with similar method parameters, creating a persistent data in the underlying database.
Q. In Entity Bean will the create method in EJB Home and ejbCreate () in Entity bean have the same parameters?

Answer: Yes, exactly the same.
Q. What are the additional features of EJB 2.1 over EJB 2.0

Answer: Compared to the 2.0 specifications, EJB 2.1 have focused the attention in trying to be more "web-services" oriented, and with the improving of some important features where the community have found some design or implementation issue, like the Query Language, the addition of a Timer service, and other improvement like Message-Driven Beans.
Everybody has noticed that the biggest addition in EJB 2.1 is the new support for the Web-Services technology. With this new specifications, in fact, developers can expose their Stateless Session and Message-Driven EJBs as Web Services based on SOAP. This will mean that any client that complies with SOAP 1.1 will be able to access to the exposed EJBs. The APIs that will allow this and that have been added, are JAXM and JAX-RPC.
The first one, JAX-RPC, stands for Java API for XML-RPC, and it can be considered as Java RMI, but unsing SOAP as the protocol.The second one, JAXM, stands for Java API for XML Messaging, and it is a SOAP messaging API similar to JMS (Java Message Service). JAXM is an API for sending and receiving messages via Web services, conceptually similar to JMS that is an API for sending and receiving messages via message-oriented middleware.
Another addition is the Times Service, that can be seen as a scheduling built right inside the EJB Container.With EJB 2.1, any Stateless Session or Entity Bean can register itself with the Timer Service, requesting a notification or when a given timeframe has elapsed, or at a specific point in time.From a developer point of view, the Timer Service uses a very simple programming model based on the implementation of the TimedObject interface.
From the enhancement side, the Query Language is definitely the topic where the improvements are definitely more visible.The ORDER BY clause has finally been added. This will improve performance on orederd queries, because this will be handled by the underneath database, and not through the code by sorting the resulting collection.The WHERE clause has been improved with the addition of MOD, while the SELECT clause has been improved by adding aggregate functions, like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN and MAX.
Other enhancements can be noticed on the Message-Driven Beans or the Destination Linking.
Q. What's difference between Servlet/JSP session and EJB session?

Answer: From a logical point of view, a Servlet/JSP session is similar to an EJB session. Using a session, in fact, a client can connect to a server and maintain his state.But, is important to understand, that the session is maintained in different ways and, in theory, for different scopes.
A session in a Servlet, is maintained by the Servlet Container through the HttpSession object, that is acquired through the request object. You cannot really instantiate a new HttpSession object, and it doesn't contains any business logic, but is more of a place where to store objects.
A session in EJB is maintained using the SessionBeans. You design beans that can contain business logic, and that can be used by the clients. You have two different session beans: Stateful and Stateless. The first one is somehow connected with a single client. It maintains the state for that client, can be used only by that client and when the client "dies" then the session bean is "lost".
A Stateless Session Bean doesn't maintain any state and there is no guarantee that the same client will use the same stateless bean, even for two calls one after the other. The lifecycle of a Stateless Session EJB is slightly different from the one of a Stateful Session EJB. Is EJB Container's responsability to take care of knowing exactly how to track each session and redirect the request from a client to the correct instance of a Session Bean. The way this is done is vendor dependant, and is part of the contract.
Q. Why we use home interface in EJB. In RMI we dont have any concept like home interface. why we particularly go for Home Interface ?

Answer: RMI is a lower level technology that allows java objects to be distributed across multiple JVMs. Essentially, RMI abstracts sockets and inter-JVM communications.EJB, on the other hand, is a technology built atop of RMI but does so much more than allow java objects to be distributed. It is a framework that allows you to build enterprise applications by (among other things) abstracting transactions, database access and concurent processing.
Having said this, the answer to your question is the following. The home interface is EJB's way of creating an object. Home interfaces act as factories to create session beans and entity beans. These factories are provided by the application container and take care of many low level details. Since RMI is a lower level technology, it does not offer the home interface. You would have to create it yourself.

Q. How is JDO(Java Data Object) different from VO(Value Object) ?

Answer: JDO is a persistence technology that competes against entity beans in enterprise application development. It allows you to create POJOs (plain old java objects) and persist them to the database - letting JDO take care of the storage.Value objects, on the other hand, represent an abstract design pattern used in conjuction with entity beans, jdbc, and possibly even JDO to overcome commonly found isolation and transactional problems in enterprise apps. Value objects alone do not allow you to persist objects - they are simple data holders used to transfer data from the database to the client and back to the database.
Side note: I know that many books out there still refer to these data holders as value objects but the correct term is DTO: data transfer objects. Value objects refer to objects that hold a value. A good example of this java.lang.Integer object which holds an int.
Q. What are the differences of Container Managed Persistence 1.1 and 2.0?Answer: The main difference is that in EJB 2.0, the persistence manager is responsible for mapping the entity bean to the database based on the newly introduced abstract persistence schema. In other words, you can say that the persistence manager handles persistence of your CMP entity beans at runtime.Plus, thanks to the EJB Query Language, the persistence manager is also responsible for implementing and executing find methods based on it.In the previous CMP EJB 1.1, is the developer that must declare the bean class' persistent fields as either Java primitive or serializable types, providing getters and setters for all of them.
In CMP EJB 2.0, its persistent fields are not defined directly in the bean class, thanks to the new abstract persistent schema.This schema has been developed to allow the bean provider to declare the persistent fields (and bean relationships, eventually) indirectly.
Q. Are there any tools for porting EJB Applications from one Application Server to another?

Answer: Theoretically there is no need of any tool for deployment. The porting of application from one app server to another app server can be done easily as all app servers provided by different vendors follow the same standard and specification. This is based on the fact that you did not use any vendor specific classes while building your EJB application.
Q. The Singleton pattern is not permitted by the J2EE spec, so how can I cache EJB home interfaces across EJBs in my application and avoid having each EJB get its own home interfaces?

Answer: It's true that theoretically, static objects (hence, singleton patterns) are not permitted. This is because you never know how many class loaders there are in your ejb container - unless you know the inner working of your container. Therefore, the singleton object will be unique in the class loader only. If there are multiple class loaders, your singleton object will exist more than once (1 instance per class loader). However, if you are ready to accept the fact that your ejb stub may be cached multiple times (as much as once in every class loader), the singleton pattern will still work.If ejb container's responsibility to cache ejb stubs. However, some implementation of jndi are very slow to lookup. Repeatedly performing jndi lookups can actually slow down your app considerably. In fact, I have written that exact singleton class you are contemplating and this has increased performance.
Q. What is the default time for transaction manager? And how to set maximum time(timeout) for transaction?

Answer: The default time depends on your app server. It is usually around 30 seconds. If you are using bean-managed transactions, you can set it like this:
// One of the methods from the SessionBean interfacepublic void setSessionContext(SessionContext context) throws EJBException{sessionContext = context;}
// Then, when starting a new transactionUserTransaction userTransaction = sessionContext.getUserTransaction();userTransaction.setTransactionTimeout(60);userTransaction.begin();// do stuffuserTransaction.commit();
If you are using container-managed transactions, this value is set in a app server specific way. Check your app server's deployment descriptor DTD.

Q. What is the difference between ejbCreate() and ejbPostCreate() in EntityBean? Answer: An ejbCreate () method is called just before persisting the data into underlying database in case of Entity beans. It will create a new record in the database. A create () method defined in Home interface will correspond to an ejbCreate() method in bean class with the same arguments.
ejbPostCreate() is called by EjbContainer immediately after ejbCreate() method. This method is may also be used reset transaction related parameters.
Q. Why EJB 1.1 specs says that Session Beans can have BM or CM transaction, but not both in same bean?

Answer: CMTs and BMTs are 2 different animals. Mixing them in the same bean would require the application container to potentially start a transaction at the beginning of the method while the BMT bean itself would start another. Things could get quickly get out of hand.Even mixing CMT beans and BMT beans in the same process flow can be tricky. For example, a BMT bean cannot participate in transactions started by a CMT bean (although the opposite is allowed).The real is question is why would you need to do this? Most of the time, you will use CMTs. BMTs are used in special circumstances where you need fine-grained transaction control.